This article aims to review the standard objections to dualism and to argue that will either fail to convince someone committed to dualism or are flawed on independent grounds. I begin by presenting the taxonomy of metaphysical positions on concrete particulars as they relate to the dispute between materialists and dualists, and in particular substance dualism is defined. In the first section, several kinds of substance dualism are distinguished and the relevant varieties of this kind of dualism are selected. The (...) remaining sections are analyses of the standard objections to substance dualism : It is uninformative, has troubles accounting for soul individuation, causal pairing and interaction, violates laws of physics, is made implausible by the development of neuroscience and it postulates entities beyond necessity. I conclude that none of these objections is successful. (shrink)

This article proposes an object properties approach to object perception. By thinking about objects as clusters of co-instantiated features that possess certain canonical higher-order object properties we can steer a middle way between two extreme views that are dominant in different areas of empirical research into object perception and the development of the object concept. Object perception should be understood in terms of perceptual sensitivity to those object properties, where that perceptual sensitivity can be explained in a manner consistent with (...) the graded representation approach adopted by some connectionist modellers. The object properties approach does justice to the differences between a perceptual system solving the binding problem, on the one hand, and genuinely perceiving objects, on the other, without running into the theoretical problems associated with treating young infants as 'little scientists'. (shrink)

After describing Wittgenstein's notion of ‘certainty’, in this article I provide four arguments to demonstrate that no certainty can be acquired at will. Specifically, I argue that, in order to assimilate a certainty, it is irrelevant whether the individual concerned has found a ground that seemingly justifies that certainty; has a given mental state; is willing to accept the certainty on the proposal of a persuader; or tries to act according to the certainty involved. Lastly, I analyse how each of (...) these arguments is reflected in the way children acquire certainties. (shrink)

Marko Jurjako’s article “Self-deception and the selectivity problem” (Jurjako 2013) offers a very interesting discussion of intentionalist approaches to self-deception and in particular the selectivity objection to anti-intentionalism raised in Bermúdez 1997 and 2000. This note responds to Jurjako’s claim that intentionalist models of self-deception face their own version of the selectivity problem, offering an account of how intentions are formed that can explain the selectivity of self-deception, even in the “common or garden” cases that Jurjako emphasizes.

This commentary on Jacob and Jeannerod’s Ways of Seeing evaluates the conclusions that the authors draw from the two visual systems hypothesis about the nature and phenomenology of visual experience.

Pope Jorge Mario Bergoglio released the "Encyclical Laudato Si': on the care of common home" on June 18, 2015, the same day that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has shown that the temperature of Earth continues increasing and that May of 2015 was Earth's warmest month, since 1880. By endorsing the scientific knowledge in relation to anthropogenic factors on global warming and by defending actions to confront the causes of climate change and ecosystem degradation, the Holy See has taken (...) a key step to put Catholics at the forefront of global ecological struggle and to encourage the signing of the global treaty to replace the Kyoto Protocol at the 21st Conference of the Parties, that will take place in December in Paris. But the encyclical of Pope Francis proposes a larger task that is to protect the poorest of the poor countries, addressing jointly the human environment and the natural environment from the perspective of an integral ecology. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the advances and limitations of the propositions of the encyclical Laudato Si ' and to expand the dialogue on gender relations and deep ecology. (shrink)

Texto de la conferencia pronunciada en Estrasburgo el 19 de Noviembre de 1991, donde replanteándose ciertos aspectos recientes de la fortuna de Vico en España se aboga por la necesidad de establecer una fecunda reflexión a la vez sobre Vico y sobre nuestra propia historia.Text of conference of 19 November 1991 , where reconsidering certain aspects of the chance of Vico in Spain, the need to encourage a fruitful reflection of Vico and our own history is advocated.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

A todo o momento temos inúmeras experiências conscientes. Neste momento, por exemplo, tenho uma experiência visual do computador, uma experiência auditiva do latido do meu cachorro, uma experiência da pressão que exerço sobre a cadeira e uma experiência do fluxo de pensamentos que me ocorrem. Contudo, existem filósofos que afirmam que estas experiências conscientes permanecem todas unidas numa espécie de estado consciente abrangente, e outros filósofos que afirmam a existência de “micro-consciências” associadas com cada experiência consciente que não são necessariamente (...) interligadas e em sua maioria são autônomas. Isto é, alguns estudiosos defendem que a consciência é una, e outros defendem que ela é fragmentária. Neste artigo, apresentaremos as concepções unitária e fragmentária da consciência e discutiremos os problemas suscitados por cada uma. (shrink)

In 2008 Robert Lovato coined the phrase Juan Crow. Juan Crow is a type of policy or enforcement of immigration laws that discriminate against Latino/as in the United States. This essay looks at the implications this phenomenon has for an ethics of immigration. It argues that Juan Crow, like its predecessor Jim Crow, is not merely a condemnation of federalism, but of any immigration reform that has stricter enforcement as one of its key components. Instead of advocating for increased enforcement, (...) I want to suggest that just immigration reform must adhere to two standards, equality of burdens and universal protections, and that only by doing so can the potential for Juan Crow be adequately avoided. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Priestly Renewal, Eucharistic Revival:The Place of the Corpus Christi Liturgy in Aquinas's Sacramental TheologyJose Isidro BellezaIntroductionAmong many well-catechized Catholics, the following two points—at first seemingly unrelated—have become common knowledge: first, that Christ instituted the sacramental priesthood at the Last Supper; and second, that St. Thomas Aquinas authored the Office hymns and Mass sequence for the Solemnity of Corpus Christi.The magisterial sources for the first point are clear. The Catechism (...) of the Catholic Church notes: "In order to leave them a pledge of this love, in order never to depart from his own and to make them sharers in his Passover, [Christ] instituted the Eucharist as the memorial of his death and Resurrection, and commanded his apostles to celebrate it until his return; 'thereby he constituted them priests of the New Testament'" (§1337). This recent formulation positively reworks a famous Tridentine canon: "If any one should say that by the words, 'Do this in memory of me,' Christ did not establish the apostles as priests, or that he did not ordain them and others as priests to offer his Body and Blood, let him be anathema."1 That the Council of Trent found it necessary to clarify this doctrine by anathematizing the contrary certainly testifies to the controversial nature of this Catholic position in wake of the Reformation; yet, the Council Fathers' [End Page 723] position—as is so often the case with dogmatic pronouncements—is not a simple articulation of an uncontroversial yet implicit belief held within the Catholic communion.With regard to the second point: after some decades of scholarly doubt,2 Aquinas's composition of Corpus Christi's poetic texts seems to be better appreciated by laity and scholars alike,3 many of whom find in the beloved hymns commonly sung at adoration and Eucharistic processions a beautiful and edifying distillation of St. Thomas's teaching on the Blessed Sacrament. However, the place of the Corpus Christi liturgy within the historical development of Aquinas's own thoughts on the priesthood and Eucharist is perhaps less acknowledged.4 The aesthetic and spiritual appeal of the hymns, [End Page 724] compounded by their frequent usage, may tend to obscure the importance of the historical context which informs Aquinas's unique compositional, poetic, and doctrinal directions. Hidden behind the impressiveness of the saint's artistic execution, I argue, lies a parallel to the well-developed doctrinal synthesis of priesthood and Eucharist articulated in Summa contra gentiles [SCG] IV. In what follows, I examine excerpts from the sequence for Mass Lauda Sion Salvatorem and matutinal hymn Sacris solemniis to show how, already in the Orvieto period (1261–1265), Aquinas laid the foundations for sacramental doctrines expressed with more precision not only in the two Summae, but in the dogmatic teaching of the Council of Trent on the relationship between the Eucharist and Holy Orders. I will also highlight the unique and even innovative nature of Aquinas's positions by way of contrast with St. Bonaventure's sacramentology.5 I will conclude by offering some reflections, drawn from Aquinas's synthetic treatment of Eucharist and Holy Orders, on the inseparability of priestly renewal and Eucharistic revival.From the Sentences Commentary to the Summa theologiaeIn his commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard (the Scriptum), Aquinas, like his contemporaries, follows the broad tradition in locating the institution of the Eucharist at the Last Supper.6 This point is rightfully uncontroversial on account of its clear biblical background,7 and is repeated by the Angelic Doctor in Summa theologiae [ST] III.8 However, in the Scriptum, Aquinas links the institution of the Eucharist with the institution of the priesthood, saying that Christ "gave priestly power with regard to its principal act before the Passion at the Last Supper, when he said, in Matthew 26:26, 'take and eat,' to which Luke 22:19 adds 'Do this in commemoration of me.' But after the resurrection, he gave the disciples priestly power with regard to its secondary act, which is to bind and loose."9 Thus, in his early work, Aquinas already suggests—although not with the same precision or emphasis seen in later works—a nuanced... (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: Sher's Weak Logicism Finiteness, an Infinite Sentence and Skolem Back to Strong Logicism? Benacerraf's Challenge An Anti‐realist Frege? Second‐order Logic and Sets Skolem (Again) and Megethology.

The social trust argument asserts that a political community cannot survive without social trust, and that social trust cannot be achieved or maintained without a political community having discretionary control over immigration. Various objections have already been raised against this argument, but because those objections all assume various liberal commitments they leave the heart of the social trust argument untouched. This chapter argues that by looking at the socio-historical circumstances of Latino/as in the United States, an inherent weakness of the (...) social trust argument gets exposed. Giving a political community discretionary control over immigration not only fails to deliver on the promise of social trust, but it actually seems to promote its opposite, social mistrust. This suggests that a far better way of promoting the goal of social trust, and at the same time abating social mistrust, is to actually circumvent a political community’s ability to control immigration by giving priority both to socio-historical circumstances and immigrant rights (at least in a minimalist sense) in determining immigration policy. (shrink)

I offer an interpretation of Wittgenstein's claim that Russell's theory of judgment fails to show that it's not possible to judge nonsense.

Este volumen enfoca el carácter inacabado de la teoría cosmopolita de Kant, con el propósito de propiciar nuevas vías de construcción política multilateral, e indaga en las fuentes y consecuencias del ethos del republicanismo cosmopolita kantiano.

Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, the only book-length work to have been published during his lifetime, continues to generate interest and scholarly debate. This volume of new essays showcases contemporary ideas on how to interpret the Tractatus and throws new light on some of its most challenging passages.

Social suffering commands increasing public attention in the wake of several historical processes that have changed the ways victims are perceived. In making suffering eloquent by rendering it in conceptual form, philosophy runs the risk of muting suffering, thereby neutralizing its ability to mobilize responses. In the experience of suffering philosophy finds a limit it must recognize as its own. Yet only by fulfilling its duty towards suffering - only by having the abolition of suffering as its ultimate goal - (...) can philosophical thinking withstand a tacit complicity with injustice. (shrink)

Este articulo busca interpretar los eventos narrados en las sociedades imaginadas de la serie televisiva Game of Thrones a la luz de los conceptos claves que la filosofía política contemporánea ha elaborado para analizar y comprender nuestra actual crisis civilizatoria.

1 Domains of application 2 Formulating the conceptual/nonconceptual distinction 3 Is there such a thing as nonconceptual content? 4 Developing the account of nonconceptual content .

A Trifuncionalidade como Ideologia O estudo das ideologias, no âmbito da História das Idéias, tem gerado algumas das temáticas mais importantes e polêmicas da historiografia das últi­mas décadas, sendo estas particularmente significativas para a compreensão das relações entre representações sociais e Política nos vários períodos históri­cos. Neste ensaio, que examinará a clássica discussão historiográfica sobre a 'trifuncionalidade medieval', estaremos considerando "ideologia" como uma n...

In Thinking about Consciousness David Papineau develops a position that combines the following four theses: A) Phenomenal properties exist. B) Any phenomenal property is identical to some material property. C) Phenomenal concepts refer to material properties that are identical to phenomenal properties. D) Phenomenal concepts are vague. The overall position is intended to do justice to materialism (in virtue of (B) and (C)), while at the same time accommodating the concerns both of those impressed by the Knowledge Argument and related (...) arguments (in virtue of (A)) and of those skeptical about the prospects for a science of consciousness (in virtue of D)). This paper shows that (A) through (D) cannot be held simultaneously. (shrink)

Para Robert Nozick, é preciso entender se o Estado é necessário e o modo como ele pode ser compreendido sem ofender direitos. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo explorar conceitos elementares da teoria de Robert Nozick para a conformação de uma teoria política razoável. Inicialmente, foi apresentado um panorama da concepção libertária desenvolvida por Nozick, baseado na primeira parte da obra Anarquia, Estado e Utopia, tendo em vista que é um autor de bases teóricas distintas e pouco estudado pela academia. (...) Posteriormente, foram analisados alguns aspectos de sua ideia de sociedade política e de seus integrantes, confrontando com conceitos teóricos do pensador contemporâneo John Rawls. Por fim, algumas características de tese de Nozick foram examinados para entender se seria uma doutrina abrangente e como poderia ser caracterizada como racional e razoável frente a pluralidade de concepções da boa vida. (shrink)

Partiendo del estudio filológico y filosófico de textos autógrafos clásicos y del siglo XX, se pretende la fijación de un esquema fenomenológico que se repite en los casos de conversión súbita en el ámbito católico, así como las imágenes arquetípicas que aparecen. Asimismo, se busca la catalogación de la conversión súbita dentro del estudio contemporáneo de la fenomenología de las religiones.

RESUMO: A partir de dois tópicos de Biologia, a Sistemática Filogenética - uma metodologia de análise da evolução orgânica - e a teoria da evolução Neo-Darwinista, questiona-se a atual abordagem educativa para o ensino de Ciências, especialmente em relação a temas conectados com o Ensino Religioso. Propõe-se que a utilização pouco criteriosa de metodologias, ainda que em si reconhecidas pela excelência, pode levar a distorções numa hierarquia de valores aplicada à Educação, promovendo conclusões enganosas com prejuízo do educando.

La pragmática de tradición griceana es una corriente teórica importante en la filosofía del lenguaje y la lingüística. Gracias a ella se entienden de forma cabal aspectos fundamentales de la comunicación intencional. Sin embargo, esta tradición no se interesa especialmente en el estudio de la transmisión y el reconocimiento de significados no intencionales, por ejemplo de ciertos significados que se evocan en "actos fallidos", juegos de palabras no buscados y errores del habla. Trataré de mostrar que el estudio de estos (...) significados no intencionales es pertinente para una teoría general de la producción y la comprensión de enunciados. En este sentido, la lingüística neurocognitiva toma en cuenta estos significados no intencionales y, a partir de ellos, no sólo explica cómo se organiza y funciona el sistema lingüístico de un hablante o un oyente, sino que además resulta ser un complemento interesante de la pragmática. Gricean pragmatics is one of the mainstreams in philosophy of language and linguistics. it has been instrumental in fully understanding fundamental aspects of intentional communication. However, this theoretical tradition has not been especially concerned with the transmission and recognition of unintentional meanings, for example meanings evoked by Freudian slips, unintended puns, and slips of the tongue. Here I aim at showing that the study of such unintentional meanings is relevant for a general theory of utterance production and utterance comprehension. Neurocognitive linguistics has approached those unintentional meanings and has explained how the linguistic system of speaker or a hearer is organized and how it works, and it also figures as an interesting complement of pragmatics. (shrink)

On the celebrations of the 50th anniversary of the opening of the Second Vatican Council and the 20th anniversary since the publication of The Catechism of the Catholic Church, Benedict XVI published a Letter entitled Porta Fidei, in which it was promulgated the Year of Faith. It began on November 11th 2012 and expired onl November 24th 2013. The year of 2012 was also when the XIII Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops about The New Evangelization for the (...) Transmission of the Christian Faith took place. On the Apostolic Letter Porta Fidei, Benedict XVI remembered that in the current days faith cannot be assumed in society and also pointed out the importance of rediscovering it, to "show the joy of meeting Christ”, welcoming the grace and the teachings of the Second Vatican Council and the contribution of the Church's Catechism to The New Evangelization for the preaching of the Christian faith. We understand that pointing out the strength and beauty of faith means to present it in a new way to man, keeping its essential integrity. Such exercise isn’t just a challenge for the Church, but also an urgent task and an important contribution to the complete formation of the human being. To say the same thing in a new way we must always come from a source which is capable of preserving and renewing our faith. The primary source of faith is the Divine Revelation and therefore this is also the source of the proclamation of the Gospel. This idea, for us, is decisive for the matter of faith and its announcement, which is found in the Dogmatic Constitution Dei Verbum on Divine Revelation. Therefore our article will develop this idea based on Dei Verbum and it intends to be a contribution to catechesis, understood as a process of initiation into the Christian life or life in faith. (shrink)